Steel fiber types
The types of steel fibers are defined by ASTM A820:
· Type I: cold-drawn wire
· Type II; cut sheet
· Type III: melt-extracted
· Type IV: mill cut
· Type V: modified cold-drawn wire
Type I fibers have tensile strength from 145,000 to 445,000 psi, while Types II, III, IV, and V have tensile strength as low as 50,000 psi. Fiber shapes range from round wires with deformed ends in
different diameters (Type I), rectangular or square rod shapes with dimples (Type II), triangular
cross-section and twisted (Type V), or crescent cross-section and corrugated (Type V), as well as other shapes. They also come in different lengths,
ranging from 1/4 inch to more than 2 inches.
There is a tradeoff with length. Longer fibers tend
to perform better but they can be more difficult to blend and mix well into concrete. To solve this
problem, manufacturers often bundle fibers using water-soluble glue to achieve better dispersion in concrete during mixing.
Diameter or perimeter dimensions between products differ and fiber manufacturers sell different
shapes. The challenge is to deform fiber ends in such a way
as to achieve maximum anchorage with concrete and good cement paste bond along the length of
the fiber.
You also can gage fiber effectiveness by aspect ratio—the length divided by the diameter. The higher the aspect ratio the better the performance. Longer
fibers have higher aspect ratios. Use aspect ratios to compare fibers of equal length.
Some manufacturers blend steel fibers with polymer plastic macro and micro fibers in order to get a synergistic effect.